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The Arctic Ocean was once a pocket billiards of fresh water system cap with an ice ledge half as wooden-headed as the Grand Canyon is deep .
If that ’s hard to envision , do n’t despair . Scientists were surprised at the discovery , published Wednesday ( Feb. 3 ) in the journalNature , as well . The trick to envisioning this odd agreement is to call up about the human relationship between ice sheet and the ocean . When ice sheets dissolve , they dump body of water into the ocean , put up the sea level . But when ice rag grow , as they have duringEarth ’s glacial period of time , sea level drop .
Now , new research shows that in these eras of lower ocean story , the Arctic Ocean ’s link to the Pacific and Atlantic was very special , withGreenland , Iceland , and northerly Europe and Siberia acting as the brim of a bowl containing the Arctic . ( Ice itself could have further restricted circulation . ) Land and sea likewise were overlain with an ice tabloid 2,952 foot ( 900 meters ) thick .
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Glaciers , river electric receptacle and overflow from the continents keep fresh water flow into this cordoned - off Arctic Ocean , while saltwater from the Atlantic and Pacific could n’t get in . The exact timing of the freshening procedure is n’t clear , but the investigator calculated that it could have happened in around 8,000 years .
" These results mean a tangible modification to our reason of the Arctic Ocean in gelid clime , " first sketch author Walter Geibert , a geochemist at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research , said in a statement . To our knowledge , this is the first time that a complete freshening of the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas has been considered — materialise not just once , but double . "
The missing element
These two menses of a fresh water Arctic come from 150,000 to 130,000 years ago and again 70,000 to 60,000 years ago . During these particularly cold times in climate history , an tremendous European ice canvas stretch more than 3,100 mile ( 5,000 km ) from Scotland over Scandinavia to the eastern Kara Sea , due north of Siberia . Another duo of shabu sheet blanketed much of what is now Canada and Alaska , and Greenland was also under an even magnanimous icing weather sheet than it is today .
Until now , it was n’t readable what the Arctic Ocean look like at this time , because float ice sheets leave far fewer geologic traces than dry land - based crank sheets and glacier . Geibert and his colleagues turned to sediment cores from the Arctic , the Fram Strait between Greenland and the Svalbard archipelago , and the Nordic sea . These foresighted cylinder of deposit carry a stacked chronicle of the status under which each layer forge .
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Two layers in these meat stomach out . Each was missing an isotope , or variant of an element , calledthorium-230 . Thorium-230 human body when course occuringuraniumdecays in saltwater . In maritime sediment , the absence seizure of thorium-230 means the absence seizure of saltwater .
" Here , [ thorium-230 ’s ] repeat and widespread absence seizure is the giveaway that reveals to us what pass off , " Alfred Wegener Institute micropaleontologist Jutta Wollenburg state in the statement . " According to our noesis , the only reasonable account for this pattern is that the Arctic Ocean was filled with bracing water system doubly in its younger history — in frozen and swimming shape . "
A freshwater Arctic
At the meter , ocean point were 426 infantry ( 130 m ) modest than they are today , and parts of the seafloor topography , such as the shallow parts of the Bering Strait , were above sea degree .
When the frappe retreated , though , the reversal of the Arctic back to saltwater would have been rapid , Geibert said .
" Once the mechanism of ice barrier failed , heavier saline water could sate the Arctic Ocean again , " he enunciate . " We conceive that it could then quickly displace the easy freshwater , resulting in a sudden discharge of the accumulate fresh piss … into the North Atlantic . "
It ’s not clear on the nose how quickly the Arctic would have re - salinified , buta similar pulse may have occurred around 13,000 years agoduring a stale snap called the Younger Dryas . That event raised sea level 65 feet ( 20 meters ) over 500 years and may have actually caused the insensate gingersnap by change ocean circulation .
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This could explicate some discrepancies in past approximation of sea horizontal surface , Geibert said . For model , some study of coral Witwatersrand remains paint a picture that sea point were high than studies ofAntarcticice cores indicate . If freshwater was n’t just store on nation , but in an under - ice reservoir in the Arctic , it could answer for for some of the gap between the estimates .
Such a freshwater reservoir would have also had its own effects on the environment around it , as may have happened with the Younger Dryas stale period later in story .
" Now , we need to investigate in more detail how these process were interconnect , " Geibert say .
Originally published on Live Science .
